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It’s one thing to make computers think like humans - it’s another to use computers to gain insight into how the human brain works. As evidence of its capacity for artificial intelligence, Watson was able to understand vague questions and search for correct answers by looking for correlations in the fields of humanities, culture and sociology. In one well-known example, an IBM group developed the Jeopardy! champion computer “Watson”. Ĭomputer scientists have always dreamed of making “intelligent” machines that mimic the human brain, or even surpass it. This standard is based on the Turing test, which identifies a machine as “intelligent” only if a human interrogator cannot tell the machine apart from a human based on the answers it gives to questions. It was also during the design of the theoretical computing system that Turing proposed the standard of an “intelligent” machine. Rather than building a program based on the adult brain, Turning instead suggested basing it on a child’s brain, which could then be trained through learning to function like an experienced adult brain.
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In 1936, when Alan Turning was designing his early computer called the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine), he used the human brain as a model. The close correlation between the way computers work and the way our brain thinks is not a coincidence. Making computers think like humansīut the question remains, how are scientists going to build such a brain? It is hard to avoid thinking about computers when talking about the human brain. It could even be used as a simulation for drug tests and screening. Building a brain model will also help researchers better understand brain diseases, such as stress, autism, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases. But is it possible to build an accurate working model of the brain? Building such a model is a huge challenge in the field of neuroscience, but it is one worth pursuing because it would allow researchers to test various hypotheses about how the brain perceives and processes information. To work around the limitations of studying the brains of living organisms, scientists have instead focused on building a computer model of the brain that can be used to help unravel the complex mysteries behind how it functions. Furthermore, these techniques have low resolution, such that the activities of single neurons cannot be visualized. For example, individuals have to remain still during these examinations, meaning that many brain activities that occur during active movements cannot be studied. But these technologies can only be used in limited situations. Several techniques have been developed to look at the big picture of brain function, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and brain field recordings. For example, if you are presented with a piece of pizza, how does the image trigger the word “pizza” in your mind, how would it be defined and categorized as food, and how does it trigger your hunger? There is a big leap from the functional neocortical column to the thinking brain. One of these questions is how perceptions (what we detect through our senses) transform into conceptions (our interpretation and response to what we perceive).
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(Illustration by Shan Lou) Imaging the brain: Techniques and limitationsĭespite the knowledge that scientists have about the brain, there are still many big questions in the field of neuroscience that remain unanswered. There are 10,000 columns in the neocortex of the brain. 10,000 neurons form a neocortical column. The hierarchy of brain structure starting from a single neuron that contains ion channels. When information arrives at the brain, it transforms into electric signals and travels through a large network of neurons to allow our brain to perceive, interpret, think, and generate physiological or motor responses to the surrounding world.įigure 1. About 10,000 columns form the neocortex of the brain (the outer layers on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres) (Figure 1). Groups of neurons with similar functions can communicate closely with each other to perform more sophisticated functions, and such a cluster of neurons is called a “column”. Each neuron is connected to thousands of other neurons by structures called synapses. These channels allow ions (i.e., electrically charged molecules) to flow in and out of the cell, which generates an electric current. Neurons produce special proteins called ion channels that are inserted in their cell membranes. The human brain is composed of more than 10 billion cells called neurons that can be electrically activated upon stimulation.
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Can we build a functional brain using computers? In order to answer that question, we need to know how the brain is built in nature.